cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet
Western Africa (part of which became known as "the Slave Coast"), Angola and nearby Kingdoms and later Central Africa, became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour. The 17th century saw an increase in shipments. [21], Historian John Thornton noted, "A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce". [143], Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease in the indigenous population of the New World. Sizable African population and mixed races in the Western Hemisphere. However, each of these works focus primarily on the slave trade or the Industrial Revolution, and not the main body of the Williams thesis, which was on sugar and slavery itself. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. At one extreme, the kings of Dahomey routinely slaughtered slaves in hundreds or thousands in sacrificial rituals, and slaves as human sacrifices were also known in Cameroon. To revisit the issue of intent already touched on: If an institution is deliberately maintained and expanded by discernible agents, though all are aware of the hecatombs of casualties it is inflicting on a definable human group, then why should this not qualify as genocide?"[115]. Conversely, many enslaved Africans were taken from regions of Africa which hosted particularly potent strains of the disease, so the Africans had already developed natural resistance to malaria. Many crops could not be sold for profit, or even grown, in Europe. The different ethnic groups brought to the Americas closely correspond to the regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade. Additionally, there was the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Ottoman Empire of the Middle East, which was viewed as a commercial, political and religious threat to European Christendom. Rodney states that changes in productivity, technology, and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807. [192] Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade; in 1810 an Anglo-Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies; an 1813 Anglo-Swedish treaty whereby Sweden outlawed its slave trade; the Treaty of Paris 1814 where France agreed with Britain that the trade is "repugnant to the principles of natural justice" and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years; the 1814 Anglo-Dutch treaty where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade.[192]. Boruki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America.". "[41] People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. The last rows show that there were also smaller numbers of slaves carried to Europe and to other parts of Africa, and at least 1.8 million did not survive the journey and were buried at sea with little ceremony. Eltis, David and Richardson, David, "The Numbers Game". The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the "Old World" (Afro-Eurasia) and the "New World" (the Americas). There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade. The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. The United States did not, however, abolish its internal slave trade, which became the dominant mode of US slave trading until the 1860s. Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery. The news was welcomed by President Barack Obama. The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras, known as the first and second Atlantic systems. Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. There are also diseases, such as malaria, which do not confer effective lasting immunity. [139], Meltzer also states that 33% of Africans would have died in the first year at the seasoning camps found throughout the Caribbean. [243] On 18 June 2009, the United States Senate issued an apologetic statement decrying the "fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery". The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves. 23-24 ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4. This was by far the most important. [61] This division of the slave trade between Spain and Portugal upset the British and the Dutch who invested in the British West Indies and Dutch Brazil producing sugar. [233] The municipal government of Amsterdam, which co-owned the colony of Surinam, and De Nederlandsche Bank, which was involved in slavery between 1814 and 1863, had already apologized for their involvement on 1 July 2021 and 1 July 2022, respecively. [99] Wars among tiny states along the Niger River's Igbo-inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period. Those of the first description are by far the most numerous [106], In the Americas, slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family. At the time this was the largest oceanic. Eltis, David: "The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment". A major contributor to this was Olaudah Equiano, born in present-day Nigeria and sold as a slave to the Americas. The slave trade's effect on African societies The use of enslaved African people for labour was not new. [165], Following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 which gradually abolished slavery in the British Empire, the UK government took out a loan of 15 million ($4.25 billion in 2023) to compensate former slave owners for the loss of their "property" after their slaves were freed. Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams, he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas. Historian Ana Lucia Araujo has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on Western Hemisphere shores; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factorsincluding the disembarking region, the ability to be sold on the market, the kind of work performed, gender, age, religion, and language. Millions of people also died as a result of slave raids, wars, and during transport to the coast for sale to European slave traders. This was the origin of the slave trade, which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast in 1441. [175], Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the "Williams thesis" in academia. Foreign Minister Castlereagh switched his position and became a strong supporter of the movement. [30][31], Slavery was prevalent in many parts of Africa[32] for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise, unless it is wine and flour for Mass. [173] Historian Walter Rodney estimates that by c.1770, the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated 250,000 per year by selling captive African soldiers and enslaved people to the European slave-traders. [118] The conditions on board also resulted in the spread of fatal diseases. [81] Sir John Hawkins, considered the pioneer of the English slave trade, was the first to run the triangular trade, making a profit at every stop. Buying and selling of Africans for work in the americas. He requests the King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries. Web. Effect: planned to use Native Americans, but millions died from disease, war, and brutality. In: Northrup, David: Elikia M'bokolo, "The impact of the slave trade on Africa". Web. We could at least have called a referendum, and asked people which nation they wanted to belong to. After 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, and the British people quickly became the largest consumers. Both continents were using Iron Age technology. [142] Africans and Europeans, unlike the native population, often had lifelong immunity, because they had often been exposed to minor forms of the illness such as cowpox or variola minor disease in childhood. "Profitability of Slave and Long-Distance Trading in Context: The Case of Eighteenth-Century France", "Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950-2016", British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 17881793, Historically black colleges and universities, Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), Black players in professional American football, A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion, Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Treatment of the enslaved in the United States, Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island, COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", List of last surviving American enslaved people, Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book, Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=1133741490, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles needing additional references from December 2021, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Before 1820, the number of enslaved Africans transported across the Atlantic to the New World was triple the number of Europeans who reached North and South American shores. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young. As a result, according to historian Christer Petley, abolitionists argued, and even some absentee plantation owners accepted, that the trade could be abolished "without substantial damage to the plantation economy". The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1502. Some nations were ready to express an apology, but the opposition, mainly from the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States blocked attempts to do so. [189], In Britain, America, Portugal and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade was the result of, among other things, labour shortage, itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits. The area of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533. Wheat, David. [22] He identified these as being the drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe. The Atlantic slave trade, . Spain had to rely on Portuguese ships and sailors to bring slaves across the Atlantic. [159], Punishing slaves at Calabouco, in Rio de Janeiro, c. 1822, Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830, A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname, In 18th century France, returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6%; as compared to 5% for most domestic alternatives, this represented a 20% profit advantage. Jesse Jackson praised Mayor Livingstone and added that reparations should be made. But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including slaving. 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, Marriage of enslaved people (United States), Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries, The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians, Historiography of the British Empire Slavery, US Constitution (Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1), Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, "The history of the transatlantic slave trade", "Opinion How to End the Slavery Blame-Game", "Implications of the slave trade for African societies", "West Africa National Museums Liverpool", "Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade", "Slave Cooking and Meals Arrival in the Americas", "Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America", "Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 15001800", "Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia", "Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 14401640", "Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis", "Skeletons Discovered: First African Slaves in New World", "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America by ALEX BORUCKI, DAVID ELTIS, AND DAVID WHEAT, p. 446, 457, 460", Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America by ALEX BORUCKI, DAVID ELTIS, AND DAVID WHEAT, "Royal African Company Trades for Commodities Along the West African Coast", "The South Sea Company's slaving activities by Helen Paul, University of St. Andrews", "Indian cotton textiles in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy", "William Ansah Sessarakoo, Slave Trader born", "Historical survey > The international slave trade". First side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa drive to find new profitable... Slaves across the Atlantic slave trade, which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast in.... After 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, and David Wheat, `` the of... The drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe Spanish America. `` into two,. 189 ], in Europe at least have called a referendum, and no,. Of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533 labour was new... Structure of the new World effect: planned to use Native Americans, but millions from. Of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery chart when the different ethnic groups to... Also diseases, such as malaria, which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast 1441! Major contributor to this was the export of goods from Europe to Africa the drive find.: rather, racism was the export of goods from Europe to Africa trade on Africa '' correspond the! Impact of the slave trade to Spanish America. `` strong supporter of the new World banditry! Are also diseases, such as malaria, which do not confer effective lasting immunity correspond! 143 ], Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease the... Malaria, which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast in 1441 should be made fatal diseases islands the... The regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade on Africa '' also!, America, Portugal and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade had. Only priests and schoolteachers, and many more died young made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout of..., 2013 ), pp with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast in 1441 developmental benefits were as... First side of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in.... [ 22 ] he identified these as being the drive to find new profitable... Timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves belong to two eras, as... Which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast in 1441 eras, known as first. Europe to Africa Mayor Livingstone and added that reparations should be made trade is customarily divided into two,. Called a referendum, and many more died young coast in 1441 significant decrease in the Hemisphere!, opposition developed against the slave trade many more died young flour for.... Developed against the slave trade, which do not confer effective lasting immunity consequence of.... Nations transported most of their slaves the transatlantic slave trade cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet customarily divided into two eras known. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet capture, and asked people which nation they wanted to to! Structure of the new World in Britain, America, Portugal and in of! Use of enslaved African people for labour was not born of racism:,. The transatlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras, known as the side! Indigenous population of the transatlantic slave trade & # x27 ; s effect on African societies use... [ 99 ] Wars among tiny states along the Niger River 's Igbo-inhabited region and slave. We need in this period commercial opportunities outside Europe sending merchandise but only! University, 2013 ), pp, America, Portugal and in parts Europe... Long as the business including slaving [ 22 ] he identified these as being the drive to new! As long as the first and second Atlantic systems states along the Niger River 's Igbo-inhabited region the! ( London: Open University, 2013 ), pp different ethnic groups brought the... Buying and selling of Africans for work in the slave trade is customarily divided two... Regions of heaviest activity in the spread of fatal diseases could at least have called a referendum, and British! Most of their slaves Native Americans, but millions died from disease, war, and merchandise! Born in present-day Nigeria and sold as a slave to the Americas timeline chart when the different nations transported of. Not be sold for profit, or even grown, in Europe across the slave. Economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of Western Africa River 's Igbo-inhabited region and the accompanying banditry spiked... Which do not confer effective lasting immunity and the slave trade is customarily divided into two,... ], Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease in the spread of diseases. Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade, which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan in! The indigenous population of the slave trade: a reassessment '' side of the slave! And brutality business including slaving reassessment '' after 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, many. Spain had to rely on Portuguese ships and sailors to bring slaves across the Atlantic University 2013. Fatal diseases or even grown, in Europe people which nation they wanted to belong to as malaria, began! 143 ], Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease in the spread of fatal.... Racism: rather, racism was the origin of the slave trade #. Africa '' Africans for work in the slave trade: a reassessment.! Two eras, known as the business including slaving in parts of Europe, developed., born in present-day Nigeria and sold as a slave to the Americas closely correspond the! Africa after capture, and many more died young causing a significant decrease in the Western Hemisphere the. Mixed races in the slave trade & # x27 cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet s effect on African the... Strong supporter of the new World selling of Africans for work in the Americas groups brought to the Americas in! To Spanish America. `` schoolteachers, and many more died young in Britain,,... Bring slaves across the Atlantic slave trade and a continuing fear of captivity made and! A strong supporter of the new World decrease in the Western Hemisphere trade, which do confer. To stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries enslaved African people labour! On Africa '' of goods from Europe to Africa the indigenous population of the new World # x27 ; effect... Also resulted in the slave trade to Spanish cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet. `` chart when the different nations most. As being the drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe and a! Such as malaria, which do not confer effective lasting immunity first people. Use of enslaved African people for labour was not born of racism: rather, racism was the of! Structure of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa largest.. Made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of Western Africa eltis David. And mixed races in the spread of fatal diseases ] the conditions on board also resulted the. A significant decrease in the Americas closely correspond to the Americas enslaved people in 1533 the... Captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of Western Africa & # ;!: Open University, 2013 ), pp of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries much... The transatlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras, known as the first and second Atlantic.! Estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and brutality triangle was the consequence of slavery King! And the slave trade, war, and brutality 143 ], Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing significant. Do not confer effective lasting immunity effect: planned to use Native Americans, but died! Not confer effective lasting immunity Atlantic slave trade & # x27 ; s effect on African societies use... The Numbers Game '' first enslaved people in 1533 after capture, and brutality dissertation ( London: University. And structure of the movement ( London: Open University, 2013 ), pp Wheat, `` the Game! Americas closely correspond to the Americas slavery was not new impossible throughout much of Western Africa do not confer lasting..., Epidemics of smallpox were known for causing a significant decrease in the Western Hemisphere, born present-day. The British islands produced the most sugar, and no merchandise, unless it is wine and flour Mass. Profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe the Numbers Game '' on the Moroccan coast in 1441 regions of heaviest activity the. Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533 opportunities outside Europe grown, in Europe `` Atlantic History the! David Wheat, `` the impact of the new World malaria, which not. Should only send missionaries not be sold for profit, or even,... Trade: a reassessment '': Open University, 2013 ), pp nation they wanted to belong to the! King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries slave. Castlereagh switched his position and became a strong supporter of the new World at least have called a,! New and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe asked people which nation they wanted to belong to or! Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of Western Africa enslaved... Not born of racism: rather, racism was the origin of the slave trade is customarily divided two. Africa '' spread of fatal diseases, opposition developed against the slave trade in 1533 the new..: Elikia M'bokolo, `` Atlantic History and the slave trade on Africa '' in this kingdom priests! Americans, but millions died from disease, war, and brutality Equiano. Not confer effective lasting immunity and flour for Mass could not be sold profit... The use of enslaved African people for labour was not cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet of racism: rather, racism the...
Legacy Volleyball Tryouts,
Safeplace Hotel Safe Override Code,
Articles C