culture in iran pre revolution

By the late 1970s the economy began to struggle with rapid inflation and disaffected workers in both the public and private sector went on strike. [256] In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the last three decades, continuing to do so today.[257]. "[14] The government abolished the Rastakhiz Party, legalized all political parties and released political prisoners, increased freedom of expression, curtailed SAVAK's authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders,[111] closed down casinos and nightclubs, and abolished the imperial calendar. It wasn't until 1905 that the first public movie theater was opened in Tehran. [111], On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, between 6 and 9 million anti-Shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution,[5][148] he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you. The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision, and rank-and-file soldiers were demoralized, having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons (and being condemned by the Shah if they did). [308] More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for women's issues. The "Committee for Islamization of Universities" carried out the task by ensuring an "Islamic atmosphere" for every subject from engineering to the humanities. For the first time in more than half a century, the secular intellectualsmany of whom were fascinated by the populist appeal of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a former professor of philosophy in Qom who had been exiled in 1964 after speaking out harshly against the shahs recent reform programabandoned their aim of reducing the authority and power of the Shii ulama (religious scholars) and argued that, with the help of the ulama, the shah could be overthrown. [308], The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education. "[308] After the revolution, women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered. [312]:161, When Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in 1979, he called for homosexuals to be "exterminated",[314] and one of his first political actions was to institute imprisonment, corporal punishment, and the death penalty for any sexual acts outside traditional Islamic heterosexual marriage. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure, Shahpour Bakhtiar. "[9][101][116][132], Many of the rioters were young teenage boys, often organized by the mosques in southern Tehran, and encouraged by their mullahs to attack and destroy western and secular symbols. [109], More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. "[286] To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order Ali Khamenei to receive "Islamic clemency". Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like Murtaza Mutahhari, Muhammad Beheshti and Mahmoud Taleghani found new opportunity to change conditions. I appoint the government, I appoint the government in support of this nation". The success of the Iranian Revolution was met with surprise throughout the world,[21] and was considered by many to be unusual in nature: it lacked many of the customary causes of revolutionary sentiment (e.g., defeat in war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military);[22] occurred in a country that was experiencing relative prosperity;[6][20] produced profound change at great speed;[23] was massively popular; resulted in the massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's Iranian diaspora;[24] and replaced a pro-Western secular[25] and authoritarian monarchy[6] with an anti-Western Islamist theocracy[6][19][20][26] that was based on the concept of Velyat-e Faqih (or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), straddling between authoritarianism and totalitarianism. Iran in the early 70's wore bell bottoms, go-go outfits, and crazy patterns, just like some of the hippies in America. The British unsuccessfully sought punishment from the World Court and the United Nations, sent warships to the Persian Gulf, and finally imposed a crushing embargo. [176], The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. Auld Lang Syne: New year, same beloved song. [222], After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. Prime Minister of the Interim Government. [209] Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it 'correct'. [19][116][132] The army and police, confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence, effectively gave up and did not intervene. A student organization of St. Marys University of San Antonio, Texas, featuring scholarly research, writing, and media from students of all disciplines. [11][12] The headquarters deleted certain courses such as music as "fake knowledge," and committees "came to similar conclusions concerning all subjects in the humanities such as law, political sciences, economy, psychology, education and sociology". [162] Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781. [116][133] He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy, and would form a coalition government. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Ayatollah Shariatmadari and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi in order to help organize future elections. [269][270][271][272][273], In the Muslim world, particularly in its early years, the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism, intervention and influence. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by Zionists," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. [14][101][116], Worse for the Shah was that the Western media, especially the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became the head of the Council in 2005, succeeding Khatami; Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has oversight over the Council. In the decades before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was ruled by the Shah, whose dictatorship repressed dissent and restricted political freedoms. Khomeini returned from exile that February and replaced the secular government with a theocracy ruled by Islamic religious leaders. The Iranian Revolution (Persian: , Enqelb-e Irn [eelbe in]), or the Islamic Revolution ( , Enqelb-e Eslm),[4] refers to a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. [267][268] Iran also began its economic cooperation with China that includes political, strategic and economic components between the two nations. [117][139], Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. This revolution helped the shah gain signifiant domestic support, but he also received political criticism from people who believed the reforms were not doing enough or were not working fast enough to modernize Iran. Sextus Empiricus asserts in his Outlines of Scepticism (written circa C.E. Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious Muslim People's Republican Party (MPRP) which was associated with Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, and the secular leftist National Democratic Front (NDF). Black Tents of Baluchistan , 2000 . By the time 1979 rolled around, no one in Iran, religious or secular-minded, wanted the Shah to stay in power. [329], It is said that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. On 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran, following an invitation by the government;[6][14] several thousand Iranians gathered to greet him as he landed in the capital city of Tehran. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power. Several thousand young Bahs between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. [98][99], By 1977, the Shah's policy of political liberalization was underway. [41], The revolution that substituted the monarchy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with Islam and Khomeini is credited in part to the spread of the Shi'a version of the Islamic revival. Efforts toward satisfactory reform were continually stifled, however, amid reemerging social tensions as well as foreign intervention from Russia, the United Kingdom, and, later, the United States. The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted until 1978. [250] Despite these and other assassinations[204] the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. It included a Guardian Council to veto un-Islamic legislation, but had no guardian jurist ruler. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. [102] Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities. [146] The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd.[147]. In January of 1979, the shah and his family fled Iran on what was officially described as a vacation.5Shortly after this Khomeini returned and took control of the country as the religious leader of the revolution.6 On April 1, he officially declared Iran an Islamic republic.7 The shah and everyone in his regime, met the same fate his father did all those years ago, as they were officially sent into exile. This conflict lasted only a few months however. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways. The Iranian Islamic Revolution wiped out those gains. [2], Since 2001, the Council has frequently called for or demanded either outright state control or governmental filtering of the internet to prevent the dissemination of blasphemy, insults to Iran's Supreme Leader, opposition to the Constitution, the creation of "pessimism and hopelessness among the people regarding the legitimacy and effectiveness of the [Islamic] system", and similar offensive content. An economic boom created a widening income gap between the wealthy and the poor, while moves toward a more secular society angered religious traditionalists. [178] However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. On 11 December, a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran's Lavizan barracks. In November, young supporters of Khomeini, angered by U.S. support of the Shah, stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 66 hostages. lack of corruption) for its 2014 index;[320] and the IRI was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the World Bank 2015 Doing Business Report. Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest. [176] Yet, there was some tension later between feminists' dress and the revolution's stance on women's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition events. This dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family. [166] "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs. [109] Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, whilst the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. [248] Leaders of the Freedom Movement of Iran were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. By mid-December, 1978, hundreds of thousands of people, led by religious leaders, came out in anti-government demonstrations. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs. [111], However, the government still continued the policy of appeasement and negotiation. Land reforms redistributed properties to small farmers. Although the lives of men were also affected, the lives of women changed most drastically due to many laws taking their rights away. [137], As the days of Tasu'a and Ashura (10 and 11 December) approached, in order to prevent a deadly showdown the Shah began to draw back. The Literacy Corps was established to reduce illiteracy in rural areas, though reading and writing rates continued to be low in the villages. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government. [176], There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. The culture of Iran (Persian: ) or culture of Persia is among the most influential in the world. During the Pahlavi era, there was a drastic change towards women's segregation: ban of the veil, right to vote, right to education, equal salaries for . Khomeini called for a massive turnout[208] and only the National Democratic Front, Fadayan, and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote. [122], The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers,[111] but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. The government arrested thousands, and there were hundreds of executions against the MEK and its followers. In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers. [103][104] The mourning of Mostafa was given a political cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. All were eventually released 14 months later, but a failed rescue operation led to the death of eight U.S. servicemen. In 2006, there were rumors of universities internally "bracing" for "tighter state control over student bodies and faculties and perhaps even the second Cultural Revolution.'" About 5% of the population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests. [100][101] Led by the leftist intellectual Saeed Soltanpour, the Iranian Writers Association met at the Goethe Institute in Tehran to read anti-government poetry. [57], In 1941, an invasion of allied British and Soviet troops deposed Reza Shah, who was considered friendly to Nazi Germany, and installed his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah. Pardis MAHDAVI - Iran's Youth Movement in Context (Annabelle is going to contact her to see if we can negotiate a revision as she is refusing at the moment) 3. [109], American General Robert Huyser, the Deputy Commander of NATO, entered Iran. [237], Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when Hezbollahi attacked the protesters,[235] and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader. [9][101][109], The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and,[9][20] to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis;[6] virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries. Iran was under constant US unilateral sanctions, which were tightened under the presidency of Bill Clinton. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. At the time, the Persian tobacco industry employed over 200,000 people, so the concession represented a major blow to Persian farmers and bazaaris whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business. [208], In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. We have heard countless stories about revolts and colonies breaking away from their colonizers. This has united our people. Back then, before the Iranian Revolution in 1978 and '79, chadors weren't simply the black uniform of the Ayatollah's followers, but were riotously various, their shades ranging from dove gray. In his original letter, Khomeini wrote: Set yourselves free from any " ism" and " ist" belonging to the East and the West. 1077 Words5 Pages. [111][116] Worse, the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons, firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country. Purging of non-Islamic influences among academia after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, This article is about the Iranian Cultural Revolution, 19801983. [73], This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book Islamic Government, mosque sermons, and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini[74][75] among his opposition network of students (talabeh), ex-students (able clerics such as Morteza Motahhari, Mohammad Beheshti, Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Mohammad Mofatteh), and traditional businessmen (bazaari) inside Iran. He was later assassinated by an agent of the Islamic Republic in 1991 in Paris. So an official shouldnt try to change what the religion says because he wants to give women more rights then what they are allowed. [114] Mashhad (the second largest city in Iran) was abandoned to the protesters, and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control. [322], Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $90.392billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015. Iran was also struggling to find replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. The nation must obey him. During his exile, Khomeini coordinated this upsurge of oppositionfirst from Iraq and after 1978 from Francedemanding the shahs abdication. The need for Cultural Revolution which is an Islamic issue and demand of the Muslim nation has been recognized for sometimes but so far no effective effort has been made to respond to this need and the Muslim nation and the devoted and faithful students, in particular, are concerned and are worried of the machinations of plotters, which every now and then become evident and the Muslim nation are worried that God forbidden the opportunity is missed and no positive action is taken and the culture remains the same as the time of the corrupt regime which the cultured officials put these important centers under the disposal of colonialists. [135], The protesters demanded that Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi step down from power and that Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini be returned from exile. [113][116], Iran's security forces had not received any riot-control training nor equipment since 1963. [48] The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of Mirza Hasan Shirazi's fatwa (judicial decree). Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Iranian Revolution, also called Islamic Revolution, Persian Enqelb-e Eslm, popular uprising in Iran in 1978-79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. Originally, film was reserved as a form of entertainment for the Shah's family and aristocratic nobles alone. [15] By 11 February 1979, the monarchy was officially brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership over Iran while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. We are not afraid of economic sanctions or military intervention. [301] Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.[302]. Because he wants to give women more rights then what they are.. 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A far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Pahlavi! Series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted 1978. Far-Reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and until... [ 116 ], by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, local. For much of its US- and British-supplied equipment [ 176 ], Increasing contact was established to illiteracy.

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